Tuesday, 21 July 2020


Md. Delowar Hossen
B.A.(Hon's In English Literature)
M.A.(In English Literature)

Narration/speech- উক্তি
Ø Narration/speech-কাকে বলে?
          বক্তার  statement  কে  Narration / Speech  বলে। সহজ ভাবে  বলতে গেলে  বক্তা  যা  বলে  তাই  Narration.

           Example:  Nazrul said to  Ninja, ”You  are very polite”.

Ø How many Kinds of Narration?

            There are two types of Narration.
                        1.        Direct narration-প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি

                        2.        Indirect narration-পরোক্ষ উক্তি

Ø Direct narration-প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি কাকে বলে?
বক্তার উক্তি হুবহু প্রকাশ করলে তাকে Direct Narration বলে।
যেমনঃ Kamal said to Ranu,”You are a small girl”.

Ø Direct speech চেনার ৩ টি উপায়।
                 1.      Direct speech টি inverted comma এর মধ্যে থাকে।
                 2.      Reported speech এর পর একটি comma বসে।
                 3.      Direct speech এর প্রথম অক্ষরটি capital letter হয়।

            সংক্ষেপে বলা যাই Direct speech inverted comma এর মধ্যে থাকে।

 N:B:  একটি Direct speech এর দুটি অংশ থাকে । Reporting verb এবং Reported speech.
The teacher said to the student, “What is your future plan”?
The teacher said to the student, হল Reporting verb এবং ,”What is your future plan”? হল Reported speech


Ø Indirect narration-পরোক্ষ উক্তি কাকে বলে?
            বক্তার কথা যখন সরাসরি উদ্দ্রিত না হয়ে  পরোক্ষ ভাবে  উদ্দ্রিত হয় তাকে  Indirect speech বলে।
         যেমনঃ He told me that I was a brilliant student.

Rules of Narration
Ø Narration পারতে হলে জানতে হবে।
1. Sentence চেনার উপায় ।
2. Sentence এর পরিবর্তন ।
3. Person এর পরিবর্তন ।
4. Tense এর পরিবর্তন ।



DO NOT COPY
 
Ø 1. Sentence চেনার উপায় ।
Sentences
Structure
Example
Assertive
Subject প্রথমে থাকলে ।
I am doing the work.
Interrogative
Wh Question +Auxiliary Verb অথবা Auxiliary Verb প্রথমে থাকলে । শেষে ?
Where are you going ?
Are you eating?
Imperative
Present Form, Don't/Never+ Present Form, Please, Kindly, Let প্রথমে থাকলে ।
 Don't call, Please sit down.
Optative
May প্রথমে থাকলে । শেষে Full Stop.
May you live long.
Exclamatory
What a/an,How+adjective,Hurrah,Alas ইত্যাদি থাকলে । শেষে !
What a fine boy you are!

Ø 2. Sentence এর পরিবর্তন ।

Sentence
Verb
Instead of inverted coma
Assertive
Said/told
that
Example: 1. My friend said, “I am in danger”
                        My friend said that he was in danger.
Interrogative
asked/ enquired of /demanded of /wondered
-if/whether
N:B: WH-question দ্বারা শুরু হলে ঐ Wh-words  টিই  conjunction হিসেবে বসে।
Example:  1. The teacher said to me, “Have you completed your homework?”
                        The teacher asked me if I had completed my homework.
                  2. My father said to me, “What do you want?’
                        My father asked me what I wanted.
Imperative
told/ordered/advised/requested

N:B: Let us থাকলে proposed to/Suggested  
to
N:B: Let থাকলে that (might)
N:B: Let us থাকলে -that (should)
Example: 1. Father said to me, “Memorize it now.”
                         Father ordered me to memorize it then.
                 2. Robiul said to me, “Let me learn English.”
                         Robiul told me that he might learn English.
                  3. Raju said to me, “Let us go out for a walk.”
                          Raju proposed to me that we should go out for a walk.
Optative
wished/prayed
that
Example:  1. He said, “Long live our president.”
                          He wished that their president might live long.
Exclamatory
exclaimed/exclaimed with joy /exclaimed with sorrow/exclaimed with wonder
that
Example: 1. Robul said, “How beautiful the bird is!”
                       Robul exclaimed with joy that the bird was very beautiful.

Ø 3. Person এর পরিবর্তন ।
 There are 3 kinds of person. They are
Persons
Pronouns
1st Person
I, My, Mine, Me, We, Our, Us, Ours
2nd Person
You, Your, Yours
3rd Person
He, She, They, Their, Them, His, Her, It,  Rohim, Korim etc

·         First Person - Reporting Verb এর Subject অনুসারে
Example: He said to Mina, “I am going to school.”
               He said to Mina that he was going to school.
·         Second Person- Reporting Verb এর Object অনুসারে
Example: He said to Mina, “You are going to school.”
               He said to Mina that she was going to school.
·         Third Person- পরিবর্তন হয় না
Example: Rina said to Mina, “He is going to school.”
               Rina said to Mina that he was going to school.

Ø 4. Tense এর পরিবর্তন ।

He said to me,” I am going to school”
Reporting verb     Reported speech

1.      Reporting verb যদি present /future tense হয় তাহলে reported speech এর tense কোনো change হবেনা
   Example: He says to me,” I am going to school”
                  Reporting verb Present tense

                    He tells me that he is going to school.
                                               Reported speech tense no change

2.      Reported speech কোন Universal truth (চিরন্তন সত্য) or habitual fact (অভ্যাসগত কর্ম) প্রকাশ করলে verb-এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
Example: He said to me, “The sun rises in the east”
                                                         Universal truth
                  He said to me that the sun rises in the east.
                                                      Tense no change


3.      Reporting verb যদি past tense হয় তাহলে reported speech এর tense পরিবর্তন এর rules

Direct
Indirect
Present Indefinite
Past Indefinite
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous

Indirect
Indirect
Past Indefinite
Past Perfect
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous


নৈকট্য সূচক শব্দগুলো Indirect speech এ পরিবর্তিত হয়ে দূরত্ব সূচক শব্দে পরিনত হয়


Direct
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
Now
Then
To day
That Day
This
That
To night
That night
Come
Go
 Tomorrow
the next day/the following day
Ago
Before
Next week
The following week
Here
There
Yesterday
The previous day
Thus
So
Last month
The previous month
Hither
Thither





Example:

1.      He said to me,” I am going now”. (Direct)
                        He told me that he was going then. (Indirect)

2.      He said to me,” I am here”. (Direct)
                        He told me that he was there. (Indirect)

3.      He said to me,” I am going tomorrow”. (Direct)
He told me that he wass going the following day. (Indirect)

4.      He said to me,” I call you yesterday”. (Direct)
He told me that he called you the previous day. (Indirect)



Rules of Passage Narration

1.       প্রথমে, সম্পূর্ণ passage টি পড়ে বক্তা এবং শ্রোতাকে চিহ্নিত করতে হবে। তারপর তাদের উক্তিগুলোর ক্রিয়ার ধরন বুঝতে হবে।
Example:
“Will you come with me?”, said Pira to Ria. “I will come.” Said Ria. (Direct)
Pira asked Ria if she would come with her. Ria replied that she would come. (Indirect)

2.       Reporting verb ও তার subject এবং object উল্লেক না থাকলে The speaker said to the person spoken to লিখে Indirect Speech-এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়।
Example:
o    “I shall meet you tomorrow”. (Direct)
o    The speaker said to the person spoken to that he would meet him the next day. (Indirect)

3.       যখন reporting verb sentence-এর মাঝে বা শেষে থাকে তবে একে Indirect করতে, তাকে sentence-এর শুরুতে subject-এর পরে বসাতে হবে।
Example:
“Where do you live?”, said Tina. “I live at Dhanmondi.”, said Rina. (Direct)
Tina asked Rina where she lived. Rina replied that she lived at Dhanmondi. (Indirect)
4.       Passage-এ যদি বক্তা একের অধিক উক্তি ব্যবহার করে তবে প্রথম উক্তি উল্লেখ করার পর, পরবর্তী উক্তিগুলো উল্লেখ করার সময় নিম্নোক্ত নিয়মগুলো অনুসরণ করা হয়:
i. In case of Assertive sentence: also said/again said, added/further added, প্রভৃতি ব্যবহার করা হয়।
ii. In case of Interrogative sentence: also asked/again asked/ further asked, প্রভৃতি ব্যবহার করা হয়।
iii. In case of Imperative sentence: and ordered to/ and requested, প্রভৃতি ব্যবহার করা হয়।
iv. In case of Optative sentence: and wished/and prayed that, প্রভৃতি ব্যবহার করা হয়।
v. In case of Exclamatory sentence: and exclaimed with happiness/ joy that/in grief that, প্রভৃতি ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Example:
o    “I will help you to solve this problem. I am responsible for it.” The boy said. “Why did you do it? Do you have time for it? You are leaving Dhaka this evening.” I said. (Direct)
o    The boy told me that he would solve this problem. He added that he was responsible for it. I asked him the reason for doing it. I also asked if he had time for it. I added that he was leaving Dhaka that evening. (Indirect)

5.       যদি reported speech-এ শুধু “Yes”থাকে তবে Subject+ replied in the affirmative বা Subject+ Auxilliary Verb ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং reported speech-এ “Yes”-এর পর আরও বক্তব্য থাকে তবে Subject+ replied in the affirmative and said that ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Example:
o    I said to him, “Have you done the math?”. “Yes. I have also done another one.” He said. (Direct)
o    I asked him if he had done the math. He replied in the affirmative. Or, he said that he had. And he said that he had also done another one. (Indirect)

6.       যদি reported speech-এ শুধু “No” থাকে তবে Subject+ replied in the negative বা Subject+ Auxilliary Verb+ not ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং reported speech-এ “No” এর পর আরও বক্তব্য থাকে তবে Subject+ replied in the negative and said that ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Example:
o    I said to him, “Have you done the math?”. “No. I will do it later.” He said. (Direct)
o    I asked him if he had done the math. He replied in the negative. Or, he said that he had not. And he said that he would do it later. (Indirect)



7.       যদি direct speech-এ কাউকে সম্বোধন করা হয় তবে indirect speech-এ addressing as ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Example:
  • “Are you okay, Tonni?” said Mintu. (Direct)
  • Addressing her as Tonni, Mintu asked if she was okay. (Indirect)

8.       যখন direct speech-এ “Sir/Madam” থাকে, indirect speech “Sir/Madam” এর পরিবর্তে with
respect/respectfully/ politely ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Example:
o    The student said to the teacher,” Sir, will you teach me the math?” (Direct)
o    The student asked the teacher respectfully if he would teach him the math. / The student respectfully asked the teacher if he would teach him the math. (Indirect)

9.       যদি inverted comma-র বাইরে reporting speech-এ “ask” থাকে, তবে তা indirect speech-এ subject-এর পরে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Example:
o    “Are you coming?” asked Rina looking at me. “You may join me when I” Rina said. (Direct)
o    Looking at me, Rina asked If I was going. She suggested me to join her when she would go. (Indirect)

10.   যখন reported speech-এ একটি assertive sentence-এর পর note of interrogation (?) থাকে, indirect speech-এ reporting verb-এর আগে “being surprised” ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Example:
o    He said to me, “You did it?” (Direct)
o    Being surprised he asked me if I had done it. (Indirect)

11.   যখন reported speech-এ “Thank” থাকে, তখন indirect speech, reported verb’s subject+ thanked+ reported verb’s object ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Example:
o    Karim said to me, “Thank you.” (Direct)
o    Karim thanked me. (Indirect)

12.   যদি reported speech-এ “Good bye/Good night” থাকে তবে indirect speech, reported verb’s subject+ bade+ reported verb’s object+ good bye ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Example:
o    She said Lira, “Goodbye.” (Direct)
o    She bade Lira goodbye. (Indirect)

13.   by Allah/by God /by Jove/by Myself ইত্যাদি থাকলে swearing by Allah/swearing by God/ swearing by Jove/ swearing by Myself ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
Example:
o    ‘By Allah,’ he replied, ‘I will not leave this house.’ (Direct)
o    : Swearing by Allah he replied that he would not leave that house. (Indirect)

14.   যদি reported speech-এ good morning/ good evening থাকে তবে indirect speech, reported verb’s subject+ wished+ reported verb’s object+ good night/good morning/ good evening ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Example:
o    He said to her, “Good evening.” (Direct)
o    He wished her good evening. (Indirect)
15.   কোন কোন সময় reported speech-এ সম্পূর্ণ sentence থাকেনা, সেসব ক্ষেত্রে আপনাকে indirect speech-এ বক্তার বক্তব্য অনুসরণ করে পূর্ণাঙ্গ অর্থ খুঁজে নিতে হবে।
Example:
o    “Thirty taka.” The salesman said to me. (Direct)
o    The salesman told me it had been thirty taka (Indirect)

16.   প্রায়ই reported speech-এ বক্তা ও শ্রোতার উল্লেখ থাকে না, এসব ক্ষেত্রে আপনাকে একে indirect speech-এ রূপান্তরিত করতে বক্তার ক্ষেত্রে the speaker এবং শ্রোতার ক্ষেত্রে the listener উল্লেখ করতে হবে।
Example:
o    “What are you doing now?” “I am writing an article.” (Direct)
o    The speaker asked the listener what he was doing then. The listener replied that s/he was writing an article. (Indirect)
17.   যদি reported speech-এ asked/ cried/replied/muttered/uttered থাকে তবে indirect speech-এ reporting verb-এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবেনা।
Example:
o    “Help me.” He cried. (Direct)
o    He cried to help him. (Indirect)

18.    Present participle অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় শুরুতে বসে।
Example:
o    ‘Are you brothers?’ asked the mistress of the house, turning to the dervishes (Direct)
o    Turning to the dervishes the mistress of the house asked if they were brothers. (Indirect)


19.   Indirect speech এ “had better” 1st person এবং third person এর সহিত অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। কিন্তু second person-এর সহিত had better অপরিবর্তিত থাকতে পারে অথবা নিম্নলিখিত উপায়ে পরিবর্তিত হতে পারে।
Example:
o    He said to me, “You had better go”. (Direct)
o    He said to me that i had better go (Indirect)

20.   might, ought to, should, would, used to, indirect speech এ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
Example:
o    I said to him, “You might go”. (Direct)
o     I said to him that he might go. (Indirect)

21.   If i were you, I should/would… ” দ্বারা উপদেশ বুঝালে indirect করার সময় subject+advise+object+to+reported speech এর verb বসে।
Example:
  •  I said to him,” If i were you, i should wait” (Direct)
  •  I advised him to wait. (Indirect)

Exceptional:
Use of “we”
1.     We দ্বারা মানবজাতি বুঝালে first person হওয়া সত্তে ও indirect speech এ তার পরিবর্তন হয় না।
Example:
  •  The teacher said, “We are mortal,” (Direct)
  • The teacher said that we are mortal.  (Indirect)

2.       We যদি বক্তা(speaker) ও যাকে উদ্দেশ্য করে (person spoken to) উভয়কে বুঝায় তবে Indirect Speech -এ তার কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।

Example:
  • He said to me, “We should do our duty.”  (Direct)
  • He said to me that we should do our duty. (Indirect)

Use of “must”

1.       must সাধারনতঃ “had to” তে রুপান্তরিত হয়।

Example:
  • Nafisa said, “ I must write a letter”. (Direct)
o    Nafisa said that she had to write a letter.  (Indirect)

2.       First person must এ must কোন ভবিষ্যৎ কাজের দ্বারা বাধ্যবাধকতা বুঝাতে Indirect speech-এ would have to তে রুপান্তিত হয়।

Example:
  • He said, “We must leave the house if the rent is increased.” (Direct)
o     He said that they would have to leave the house if the rent was increased. (Indirect)

3.        কিন্তু চিরকালিন বাধ্যবাধকতা বুঝালে must-এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।

Example:
o     Father said to his son, “ You must obey your teachers”. (Direct)
o     Father said to his son that he must obey his teachers

Direct
Indirect
Yes
Replied in the affirmative.
No
Replied in the negative.
Sir
Respectfully/politely.
Please
Requested.
Dear friend
Addressing as dear friend.
By Allah/God/Jove/Myself
Swearing by Allah.
Must
Had to.
Well
Very much.
Congratulations
congratulated.
Excuse me
apologized.
Oh
Exclaimed with wonder.
Sure
Giving assurance. /certainly
Of course, /Ok
Agreed with/surly/certainly
Sorry
apologized
So
For that reason,
But
Express dissatisfaction and said that
Hello/Hi
Sub + greeted that

Examples: 
1.         He said to me,” ok, I am going there right now”
                         He agreed with me and said that he was going there then.

2.       He said to me,” Hello, How are you?”
He greeted me and asked how I was.

3.       But you must submit it timely,” Mitu said to Ritu
Being dissatisfaction, Mitu told Ritu that she (R) had to submit it timely



Change the following narrations into indirect speech.

1.       “Why you are putting up the food in your pocket, Sir?” asked the noble man. “I am doing the right thing. My dress deserves the rich dishes,” replied Sheikh Saadi. “Please tell me clearly what you mean to say?” said the noble man

2.       “Have you ever been to Cox’s Bazar? “asked Shabab “No, I have never gone there, replied Labib. “But I desire for visiting the place” “I had an opportunity to visit the sea beach last year “said Shabab” “Let us go there this week

3.       “I came to Bogra this afternoon. I sent you a massage before starting from home” Roka said” Did you receive it in time? she asked  “No, I did not receive” I replied 

4.       The man said to the manager “May I come in Sir ?”“Yes,” come in .“What do you want ?”said the manager “I want to open a bank  account in your bank ,”said the man .”Can you tell me the process of opening a savings account

5.       The traveler said, “Can you tell me the way to the nearest inn?” Yes “said the peasant.” Do you want one in which you can spend the night?” “No, “Replied the traveler.” I only want a meal.”


6.       I said the passer- by, “What are you seeing now?” “I am seeing the people running here and  there” he said. “How happy they are! May God help them. Let me enjoy this. “I said

7.       The teacher said to the Student, “Have you prepared your lesson today? ’No, Sir ,’’replied the student. The teacher said, “Why?’’ “I was suffering from headache .I shall do my work tomorrow,’’ replied the Student .”


8.       I said to old man, “What are you doing?” “I am watching the boys swimming in the pond,” he said. “How happy they are! May Allah bless them.” “Let me sit by you and enjoy the scene.” I said.

9.       “My sons listen to me. A great treasure lies hidden in the land. I am going to leave it to you.” “How’ll we find it?” said the sons. “You must dig the land for it” said the old man


10.   Have you completed your assignment?” said Rumana. “No, I haven’t completed yet, “replied Farah. “But you must submit it timely,” said Rumana. “I worked on it for several hours yesterday,” replied Farah.












Answer of the narrations.

Answer 1: The noble man asked Sheikh saadi respectfully why he (S) was putting up the food in his (S) pocket. Sheikh saadi replied that he was doing the right thing and he added that his dress deserved the rich dishes. The noble man requested Sheikh saadi to tell him clearly what he (S) meant to say.

Answer 2: Shabab asked Labib if he ever been to Cox’s Bazer. Labib replied in the negative that he(L) had never gone there. But he added that he desired for visiting the place. Shabab said that he had an opportunity to visit sea beach the previous year. He proposed that they should go there that week.

Answer 3: Roka told me that she had gone to Bogra that afternoon. She added that she had sent me a message before starting from home. She asked me if I  had  received it in time. I replied in the negative that I had not received it.

Answer 4: The man respectfully the manager if he might go in. The manager replied in the affirmative and told him to go in. He also asked him what he wanted. The man replied him (MR) that he wanted to open a bank account. At last he asked him (MR) if he could tell him the process of opening a saving account.


Answer 5: The traveler asked the peasant if he(P) could tell him(T) the way to the nearest inn. The peasant replied in the affirmative and asked him if he (T) wanted one in which he (T) could spend the night. The traveler replied in the negative that he only wanted a meal.


Answer 6: I asked the passer-by what he was seeing then. He said that he was seeing the people running here and there. I exclaimed with joy that they were very  happy. Further I wished that God might help them. Then I told that I might be allowed to enjoy that.

 Answer 7: The teacher asked the student if he had prepared his lesson that day. He (S) respectfully replied that he had not. The teacher again asked why he had not prepared his lesson. The student replied that he had been suffering from headache the previous day. He (S) added that he would do his work the next day.

Answer 8: I asked the old man what he was doing. He replied that he was watching the boys swimming in the pond. He also exclaimed that they were very happy. He again prayed that Allah might bless them. I requested the old man to let me sit by him and enjoy the scene.


Answer 9: The old man told his sons to listen to him and added that a great treasure lay hidden in the land. He further added that he was going to leave it to them. The sons asked him how they wouldfind it. The old man replied that they had to dig the land for it.


Answer 10: Rumana asked Farah if she (F) had completed her (F) assignment. Farah replied in the negative and said that she had not completed yet. Being dissatisfaction, Rumana told her (F) that she (F) must submit it timely. Farah replied that  she had worked on it several hours the previous day.


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